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Publications

  1. Mir TM, Shamim K, Zhang J, Khan SI, Tripathi SK, Khan IA, Marshall GD, Ashfaq MK, Pugh ND. Immulina mitigates the development of illness when administered during the prodromal period of influenza viral infection in mice (Part 2). Phytomedicine 2024, 132: 155778. PMCID: PMC11335448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155778
  2. Mir TM, Shamim K, Zhang J, Khan SI, Tripathi SK, Khan IA, Marshall GD, Ashfaq MK, Pugh ND. Prophylactic and therapeutic mouse models for evaluating immunologic resilience to infection with influenza virus by Immulina (Part 1). Phytomedicine 2024, 132: 155588. PMCID: PMC11335447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155588
  3. Haron MH, Zhang J, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Pugh ND. Validating a Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR1 activation assay for biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira immune-enhancing potency. Journal of Dietary Supplements 2024, 21(3): 281-293. PMCID: PMC10984802. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2023.2263566
  4. Wilson FD, Mir TM, Ashfaq MK, Zhang J, Pugh ND, Khan IA, Pace LW, Hoerr FJ. Histomorphometric lung density evaluation of Immulina treatment using a murine influenza pneumonia model. InternationalJournal of Experimental Pathology 2023, 104:283-291. PMCID: PMC10652700. https://doi.org/10.1111/iep.12493
  5. Li Y, Ji N, Wang M, Pugh ND, Khan IA, Tan C. Immulina as an immunostimulatory supplement: formulation and pharmacological studies. Planta Medica 2023, 89 (15): 1483-1492. PMCID: PMC10993770. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2156-4653
  6. Huh J, Zhang J, Hauerová R, Lee J, Haider S, Wang M, Hauer T, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG, Pugh ND. Utility of fatty acid profile and in vitro immune cell activation for chemical and biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira. Scientific Reports 2022, 12(1): 15657. PMCID: PMC9485217. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19590-x 

Conference Presentations

  1. Marshall G. IND applications and botanicals. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL (June 28, 2024). Oral Presentation.
  2. Zahiruddin S, Yan-Hong W, Pugh ND, Khan IA, Marshall G, Chittiboyina AG. Quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of Immulina adherence markers: MSA, PgE1, PgE2, and SQ in clinical samples. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL (June 28, 2024). Poster Presentation.
  3. Wilson FD, Mir TM, Ashfaq MK, Zhang J, Pugh ND, Khan IA, Pace LW, Hoerr FJ. Histomorphometric lung density evaluation of Immulina treatment using a murine influenza pneumonia model.Joint meeting of the 22nd Annual International Conference on the Science of Botanicals and the 7th World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. University, MS (April 15 – 18, 2024). Poster Presentation.
  4. Shamin K, Mir TM, Zhang J, Khan SI, Tripathi SK, Khan IA, Marshall GD, Ashfaq MK, Pugh ND. Immulina enhances immune resilience against influenza in mouse models. Joint meeting of the 22nd Annual International Conference on the Science of Botanicals and the 7th World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. University, MS (April 15 – 18, 2024). Oral Presentation.
  5. Khan IA, Pugh ND, Chittiboyina AG, Tan C, Marshall GD, Ashfaq MK, Khan SI. University of Mississippi Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center. Annual School of Pharmacy Research Day, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (February 21, 2024). Poster Presentation, Poster #6.
  6. Shamim K, Mir TM, Zhang J, Khan SI, Tripathi SK, Khan IA, Marshall GD, Ashfaq MK, Pugh ND. Immulina enhances immune resilience against influenza in mouse models. Annual School of Pharmacy Research Day, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (February 21, 2024). Poster Presentation, Poster #77.
  7. Haron MH, Zhang J, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Pugh ND. Validating a Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR1 activation assay for biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira immune-enhancing potency. Annual School of Pharmacy Research Day, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (February 21, 2024). Poster Presentation, Poster #81.
  8. Wilson FD, Mir TM, Ashfaq MK, Zhang J, Pugh ND, Khan IA, Pace LW, Hoerr FJ. Histomorphometric lung density evaluation of Immulina treatment using a murine influenza pneumonia model. Annual School of Pharmacy Research Day, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (February 21, 2024). Poster Presentation, Poster #87.
  9. Pugh ND, Marshall GD. Resilience models for guiding the design of future clinical studies. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (July 27, 2023). Oral Presentation.
  10. Li Y, Wang M, Ji N, Tan C. Immulina as an immunostimulatory supplement: formulation and pharmacological studies. Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (July 27, 2023). Poster Presentation.
  11. Shamim K, Mir TM, Zhang J, Khan SI, Tripathi SK, Khan IA, Marshall GD, Pugh ND, Ashfaq MK. Effect of Immulina on mice infected with influenza virus using three resilience models. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (July 27, 2023). Poster Presentation.
  12. Wilson FD, Mir TM, Ashfaq MK, Zhang J, Pugh ND, Khan IA, Pace LW, Hoerr FJ. Histomorphometric lung density evaluation of Immulina treatment using a murine influenza pneumonia model. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (July 27, 2023). Poster Presentation.
  13. Haron MH, Zhang J, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Pugh ND. Validating a Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR1 activation assay for biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira immune-enhancing potency. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (July 27, 2023). Poster Presentation.
  14. Mir TM, Zhang J, Khan SI, Khan IA, Marshall GD, Pugh ND, Ashfaq MK. Immulina enhances host resilience against influenza virus-induced illness in a prodromal mouse model: Part A – change in lung-body weight ratio, cytokines and lung histopathology. 21st Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals. University, MS (April 24 – 27, 2023). Oral Presentation.
  15. Shamim K, Mir TM, Zhang J, Khan SI, Tripathi SK, Khan IA, Marshall GD, Pugh ND, Ashfaq MK. Immulina enhances host resilience against influenza virus-induced illness in a prodromal mouse model: Part B – changes in viral load and clinical signs of infection. 21st Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals. University, MS (April 24 – 27, 2023). Oral Presentation.
  16. Haron MH, Zhang J, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Pugh ND. Validating a Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR1 activation assay for biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira immune-enhancing potency. 21st Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals. University, MS (April 24 – 27, 2023). Poster Presentation.
  17. Huh J, Zhang J, Hauerová R, LeeJ, HaiderS, WangM, Hauer T, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG, Pugh ND. Utility of fatty acid profile and in vitro immune cell activation for chemical and biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira. 21st Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals. University, MS (April 24 – 27, 2023). Poster Presentation.
  18. Khan IA, Pugh ND, Chittiboyina AG, Tan C, Marshall GD, Ashfaq MK, Khan SI. University of Mississippi Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center. Inaugural Biomedical Research Day, School of Pharmacy and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (October 11, 2022). Poster Presentation.
  19. Mir TM, Zhang J, Pugh ND, Khan IA, Ashfaq MK. Immulina promoting resilience against H1N1 influenza type A viral infection in mouse model. Inaugural Biomedical Research Day, School of Pharmacy and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (October 11, 2022). Poster Presentation.
  20. Huh J, Zhang J, Hauerová R, Lee J, Haider S, Wang M, Hauer T, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG, Pugh ND. Utility of fatty acid profile and in vitro immune cell activation for chemical and biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira. Inaugural Biomedical Research Day, School of Pharmacy and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (October 11, 2022). Poster Presentation.
  21. Huh J, Zhang J, Lee J, Haider S, Wang M, Hauer T, Hauerová R, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG, Pugh ND. An integrated chemico-biological standardization approach to ensure the quality of botanicals – Fatty acid profile in Arthrospira/Limnospira correlates with in vitro immune cell activation. Inaugural Biomedical Research Day, School of Pharmacy and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (October 11, 2022). Poster Presentation.
  22. Marshall G. Surrogate Markers for Immulina Consumption and Activity: Introduction and Rationale. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (September 29-30, 2022). Oral Presentation.
  23. Chittiboyina AG. Surrogate Markers for Immulina Consumption and Activity: Overview of Chemistry Perspective. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (September 29-30, 2022). Oral Presentation.
  24. Huh J. Surrogate Markers for Immulina Consumption and Activity: Current Chemistry Research Efforts. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (September 29-30, 2022). Oral Presentation.
  25. Mir TM, Zhang J, Pugh ND, Khan IA, Ashfaq MK. Immulina promoting resilience against H1N1 influenza type A viral infection in mouse model. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (September 29-30, 2022). Poster Presentation.
  26. Huh J, Zhang J, Hauerová R, Lee J, Haider S, Wang M, Hauer T, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG, Pugh ND. Utility of fatty acid profile and in vitro immune cell activation for chemical and biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (September 29-30, 2022). Poster Presentation.
  27. Li Y, Wang M, Ji N, Tan C. Immunostimulatory effects of Immulina in mice. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Annual Meeting (September 29-30, 2022). Poster Presentation.
  28. Mir TM, Zhang J, Pugh ND, Ashfaq MK. In-vivo models for evaluating ImmulinaTM for increasing resilience to influenza type A (H1N1) viral infection.20th Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals. University, MS (March 28 – 31, 2022). Poster Presentation PB-21 (ID#62).
  29. Huh J, Zhang J, Lee J, Haider S, Wang M, Hauer T, Hauerová R, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG, Pugh ND. An integrated chemico-biological standardization approach to ensure the quality of botanicals – Fatty acid profile in Arthrospira/Limnospira correlates with in vitro immune cell activation. 20th Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals. University, MS (March 28 – 31, 2022). Poster Presentation PA-22 (ID#74).
  30. Pugh ND, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG, Tan C, Marshall GD, Ashfaq MK, Khan SI. Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center: Arthrospira as a supplement for enhancing the host antiviral immune response. 20th Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals. University, MS (March 28 – 31, 2022). Oral seminar presentation.
  31. Huh J, Zhang J, Haider S, Lee J, Wang M, Khan IA, Pugh N, Chittiboyina AG. Prospects of GC-MS based molecular networking as a useful tool for quality assurance of fatty acid methyl esters in Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina). 25th Annual Poster Session, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (October 19, 2021).
  32. Khan IA, Pugh ND, Chittiboyina AG, Tan C, Marshall GD, Ashfaq, MK, Khan SI. University of Mississippi Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center. 25th Annual Poster Session, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi. University, MS (October 19, 2021).
  33. Pugh N. Spirulina oral supplement for enhancing host resilience to virus infection center: overview and introduction. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (September 21-22, 2021).
  34. Huh, J. GC-MS-based molecular networking: a useful tool for the quality assurance of volatile organics in botanicals. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (September 21-22, 2021).
  35. Tan, C. Immulina as an immune enhancer: formulation and bioactivity studies. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (September 21-22, 2021).
  36. Wang, M. A flow cytometry-based phagocytosis assay on immune enhancement by Immulina. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (September 21-22, 2021).
  37. Mir, T. Non-lethal mouse models for influenza virus (H1N1) infection: challenges. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (September 21-22, 2021).
  38. Marshall, G. Identifying obstacles and challenges to conducting valid clinical trials using botanical products. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (September 21-22, 2021).
  39. Khan I, Pugh N, Chittiboyina A. Spirulina oral supplement for enhancing host resilience to virus infection, Botanical Dietary Supplement Research Center (BDSRC). National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (October 8, 2020).
  40. Tan, C. Optimizing the formulation of a Spirulina dietary supplement for the assessment of effects on the innate immune system. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (October 8, 2020).
  41. Marshall, G. The challenge of recruiting diverse participants to a clinical trial of the effects of a Spirulina supplement on antiviral immune responses. National Institutes of Health, Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Virtual Annual Meeting (October 8, 2020).

News Articles

October 4, 2023, Mississippi Public Broadcasting

Southern Remedy radio program; Topic: the immune system; Guest: Dr. Gailen Marshall

April 25, 2023, WJTV

UMMC seeks participants for immunity supplement study

April 24, 2023, University of Mississippi Medical Center

UMMC seeks participants for immunity supplement study

December 2021, NIH News in Health

Do You Need Dietary Supplements?

August 10, 2020, University of Mississippi News

Natural Products Center Gets NIH Award to Advance Botanical Research: Partnership with UMMC will study botanical that boosts immune health against viral infections

June 24, 2020, American Botanical Council

NIH Centers for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program Announce New Research Awards

Publications on Spirulina (UM Investigators – before 2020)

  1. Pugh ND, Edwall D, Lindmark L, Kousoulas KG, Iyer AV, Haron MH, Pasco DS. Oral administration of a Spirulina extract enriched for Braun-type lipoproteins protects mice against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Phytomedicine 2015, 22: 271-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.12.006
  2. Nielsen CH, Balachandran P, Christensen O, Pugh ND, Tamta H, Sufka KJ, Wu X, Walsted A, Schjørring-Thyssen M, Enevold C, Pasco DS. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects by Immulina®, a Spirulina extract enriched for Braun type lipoproteins. Planta Medica 2010,76 (16): 1802-1808. DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250043
  3. Balachandran P, Pugh ND, Ma G, Pasco DS. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent activation of monocytes by Spirulina polysaccharide and its immune enhancing action in mice. International Immunopharmacology 2006, 6: 1808-1814. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.001
  4. Grzanna R, Polotsky A, Phan PV, Pugh N, Pasco D, Frondoza CG. Immolina, a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction of Spirulina, enhances chemokine expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2006, 12 (5): 429-435. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2006.12.429
  5. Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly HN, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS. Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Planta Medica 2001, 67 (8): 737-742. DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-18358

Patents on Spirulina (UM Investigators – before 2020)

  1. Pasco DS, Pugh NDC.  Potent immunostimulatory extracts from microalgae. United States Patent No. 7,846,452 (December 7, 2010). Licensed to ChromaDex (Irvine, CA).
  2. Pasco DS, Pugh ND, ElSohly M, Ross S, ElSohly HN.  Potent immunostimulants from microalgae. United States Patent No. 7,205,284(April 17, 2007). Licensed to ChromaDex (Irvine, CA).